The theory developed by Anthony Giddens tries to explain and integrate agency and structure.Thus the term probabilism was proposed for the terrain midway between a stark environmental determinism and radical possibilism.Human action is represented as not so much a matter of an all-or-nothing choice, or compulsion, but a balance of probabilities. He presented the view that “although the physical environment does not uniquely determine human actions, it does nonetheless make some responses more likely than others.Spate, a British geographer, advanced the concept of probabilism. Oskar Hermann Khristian Spate (30 March 1911 – ) was a geographer best known for his role in strengthening geography as a discipline in Australia and the Pacific.It is in this paper that he takes up the cause of systematic geography while rejecting the claim of Exceptionalism of Geography.F K Schaefer’s rebuttal to the Hartshornean tradition of the Regional paradigm came in the form of a research article published posthumously in 1953 by the Annals of the Association of American Geographers.Schaefer was associated with the Department of Geography at the University of Iowa and he had migrated to the United States to escape the Nazi persecution that was taking place in the then Germany.F K Schaefer was trained as an economist and later pursued Geography.Named after the Greek goddess Gaia at the suggestion of novelist William Golding, the hypothesis postulates that the biosphere has a regulatory effect on the Earth's environment that acts to sustain life. The h ypothesis proposes that living and non-living parts of the Earth form a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism.Evelyn Hutchinson, Lovelock first formulated the Gaia hypothesis in the 1960s resulting from his work for NASA concerned with detecting life on Mars and his work with Royal Dutch Shell. Drawing from the research of Alfred C.He is best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system.James Ephraim Lovelock CH CBE FRS (born 26 July 1919) is an English independent scientist, environmentalist and futurist.Correct Answer - Option 3 : a - iii, b - i, c - iv, d - ii
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